Complete guide to installing a photovoltaic system: everything you need to know

Installing a photovoltaic system is a strategic choice to reduce energy costs and, at the same time, contribute to environmental sustainability. Solar energy is a renewable and clean source that allows for autonomous energy production, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and decreasing CO2 emissions. With the introduction of laws such as the Bills Decree, which simplify the procedures for installing photovoltaic systems, accessing this technology becomes even easier. 

In this guide, we will explore step by step the main aspects related to the installation of a photovoltaic system, from economic and environmental benefits to component selection, and the management of necessary permits.

Key steps to install a photovoltaic system

The installation of a photovoltaic system requires a series of technical and bureaucratic steps. Carefully following each phase ensures an efficient and safe installation.

1. Planning and verifying the installation site

The first step in installing a system is evaluating the ideal location for mounting the panels. Here are the main aspects to consider:

• Sun exposure: Solar panels must be oriented correctly to ensure maximum sun exposure. South orientation is generally the most advantageous, but southeast and southwest can also work well, especially in settings with limited space.

• Available space: Every 2 kW of installed power requires about 6 panels. For example, a 3 kW system needs approximately 25 m² of space on flat roofs and about 16 m² on sloped roofs.

• Shading: It is essential that the installation area is free of obstacles that could cause shadows on the panels. Trees, other buildings, or structures can reduce the efficiency of the system.

2. Choosing the supplier and components

Once the position has been evaluated, it is important to choose an experienced supplier who will handle the design and installation of the system. This supplier will also take care of the selection of components:

• Photovoltaic panels: There are different types of panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film. Monocrystalline panels offer the highest efficiency, but they are also the most expensive, while polycrystalline ones are a more economical choice but with slightly lower efficiency.

• Inverter: The inverter is an essential component that converts the energy produced by the solar panels into usable energy for your home or business. The choice of the right inverter depends on the power of the system and specific needs.

3. Necessary permits for installation

Before proceeding with the installation, it is necessary to obtain the required permits, especially if the property is located in an area subject to environmental or historical constraints. The Bill Decree has simplified the procedures for small photovoltaic systems, equating them to simple ordinary maintenance interventions. However, if the building is in a restricted area, it will be necessary to request a landscape permit.

• Single form: The "Single model for the realization, connection, and operation of small photovoltaic systems" must be completed and submitted to the Ministry of Economic Development or to the energy services manager.

• Landscape permit: If the system is visible from the outside or installed on a restricted building, a landscape permit, valid for 5 years, must be requested.

The installer handles all the necessary bureaucratic procedures for authorization.

4. Installation of the panels and connection to the inverter

Once the necessary permits have been obtained, one can proceed with the actual installation.

• Mounting the panels: The solar panels are installed on the roof surface or on a supporting structure if the roof is flat. The panels must be positioned at an optimal angle to maximize sun exposure.

• Connection to the inverter: The panels are then connected to the inverter, which converts the direct current produced by the panels into alternating current, usable to power your home or business.

• Connection to the electrical grid: If the system is connected to the grid, the excess energy produced can be fed into the national electrical grid.

Economic and environmental benefits of a photovoltaic system

Investing in a photovoltaic system not only allows you to reduce energy costs but also contributes to environmental protection. Here are some of the main benefits:

1. Long-term energy savings
   Although the installation of a photovoltaic system requires an initial investment, the economic return is significant. Over time, savings on energy bills can cover the initial costs of the system and subsequently generate profits from energy fed into the grid.

2. Environmental benefits
   Solar energy is a renewable resource that does not emit greenhouse gases during its use. Installing a photovoltaic system helps reduce your carbon footprint, contributing to a more sustainable future.

3. Increase in property value
   Properties equipped with photovoltaic systems are highly sought after in the real estate market, as energy savings are a valued element among potential buyers. This can lead to an increase in the property's value over time.

Costs and incentives for installing a photovoltaic system

The costs for installing a photovoltaic system can vary depending on the size and components chosen, but there are incentives that significantly reduce the initial expenditure.

Average installation costs

A medium-small photovoltaic system (3 kW) can cost between €6,000 and €10,000, depending on the components chosen, the complexity of the installation, and the need for storage systems (batteries).

Tax incentives and deductions

Photovoltaic systems can benefit from tax incentives, such as the ecobonus, which allows for the deduction of up to 50% of the expenses incurred for the purchase and installation of the system. These incentives make the initial investment more accessible and promote the transition to more sustainable energy.

Installing a photovoltaic system is a smart choice that offers numerous advantages, both economic and environmental. With the right incentives and proper planning, it is possible to reduce energy costs, increase self-sufficiency, and contribute to global sustainability. If you are ready to take a step towards a greener future, contact an experienced supplier and start planning your photovoltaic system.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

How long does a photovoltaic system last?

The average lifespan of a photovoltaic system is 25-30 years, with performance potentially declining gradually, but the panels will continue to produce energy for many years afterward.

Can I install a photovoltaic system if my house is not exposed to direct sunlight?

Yes, even if solar exposure is not optimal, it is possible to install a photovoltaic system. However, it is necessary to properly design the angle and orientation of the panels to maximize efficiency.