Disposal of photovoltaic panels: regulatory guide and sustainable recycling

Solar energy is increasingly widespread in Italy: a success for the climate, but also an environmental challenge. When a photovoltaic system reaches the end of its useful life – usually between 25 and 30 years – it is essential to manage the solar modules correctly. In this guide, we will cover everything about regulations, costs, and procedures for responsible and sustainable disposal.

What is the disposal of solar panels

Difference between waste management and material recovery

Disposing of a panel does not simply mean “throwing it away”: it is a regulated process that ensures the recovery of glass, metals, and silicon. Here we will see the differences between pure disposal and proper recycling.

Life cycle of photovoltaic systems until decommissioning

Industrial production of modules

The panels begin their life in a factory, with high-efficiency materials, but once productivity ends, they must be managed carefully.

Operational lifespan (approximately 25–30 years)

A good portion of the panels maintains efficiency for decades. But after that period, the output decreases: it is time to move on to the next phase.

End of life and preparation for recovery

Before being sent for recycling, the panels are dismantled, cataloged, and prepared: each material goes into its category.

Composition of panels and recovery percentages

Recoverable glass and aluminum

Glass makes up a large part of the structure, while aluminum is found in the frames: both have high recovery value.

Silicon recovered from modules

Modern techniques allow for the recovery of silicon even from degraded wafers: a valuable resource for reuse.

Electronic components and plastics to be separated

Boards, connections, and cells must be separated precisely: contaminating the material reduces recycling effectiveness.

European and Italian regulations on end-of-life panels

WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU applicable to solar panels

According to European legislation, photovoltaic panels fall under the WEEE category: electrical and electronic waste governed by strict rules.

Italian implementation: Legislative Decree 49/2014 and amendments

In Italy, Legislative Decree 49 of 2014 implements the European directive: it establishes precise obligations for producers, distributors, and end-users.

Obligations for producers, installers, and users

Producers/importers: extended responsibility

They must organize free collection systems and ensure proper collection and transportation.

Installers and distributors: registration and collection

They are obliged to collect used panels at the time of new installations or upon request.

End-users: delivery and traceability

Those who use the panels must only deliver them to authorized centers and keep track of them (WEEE registration).

Role of collection platforms and the GSE

The GSE and the AEE Register monitor waste flows, ensuring that used panels are actually recycled according to the rules.

Operational process of disposal

Phases of treatment for end-of-life solar panels

1. Selective collection and safe transportation

The panels are collected and transported by certified operators, complying with ADR regulations if necessary.

2. Dismantling and mechanical separation of components

Electronic components, glass, and metals are mechanically separated to start the recovery process.

3. Chemical or thermal treatment processes

Some plants use chemical or thermal techniques to isolate silicon and other valuable materials.

4. Initiation of recycling or energy recovery

The separated materials are destined for actual recycling or, if irreparably contaminated, for energy recovery.

Domestic management vs large solar systems

The small domestic systems follow local practices; for large-scale systems, more complex and documented procedures are needed.

Environmental certifications and authorized centers

Only certified centers can manage solar WEEE: they ensure safety, traceability, and legal compliance.

Costs and economic responsibility of disposal

Who bears the expenses: producers or users?

“Polluter pays” model

In general, the producer is responsible for the collection system, but the user may have to cover some operational costs.

Costs borne by producers

The producer organizes collection points and transportation: they bear the cost.

Costs attributable to end-users and distributors

In some cases, the user must pay for the collection or local management directly.

Current examples of collection and management costs

In 2024–2025, collection can cost on average from €5 to €15 per panel, depending on the area and quantity treated.

Recovery and recycling of photovoltaic panels

Current techniques for recovering glass, silicon, and copper

Recovery of flat glass and aluminum

Established technologies separate and purify glass and aluminum, ready for new use.

Extrusion and recovery of silicon from solar wafers

Emerging processes recover silicon from damaged wafers, with low loss margins.

Recovery of copper and mandatory components

Electronic boards and cables are processed to extract copper and recyclable plastics.

Environmental benefits of recycling over landfill

Recycling reduces the extraction of raw materials, cuts emissions, and limits landfill waste. An environmentally friendly and responsible choice.

Future innovations in the circular solar economy

New technologies aim for complete recycling, regeneration of materials, and even second life (second-life).

WEEE waste from photovoltaic modules

Classification as specific WEEE for solar panels

The modules belong to a separate category, with clear definitions of end-of-life.

Authorized collection centers and treatment plants

Only certified facilities can receive the panels: they ensure safety and tracking.

Legal responsibilities of producers, installers, and users

Those who do not comply with the rules may face penalties from ARPA, the ministry, or competent authorities.

Registration process and required WEEE documentation

It is necessary to fill out electronic and paper forms and record the flow in official systems.

Recommended procedures for correct disposal

Disposal for domestic use and small systems

Contact local WEEE centers

Closing the loop: contact local centers to dispose of the panels.

Pickup by qualified installers

Installers can manage the pickup as part of their service, a practical and safe solution.

Disposal for companies and large-scale systems

Contracted operators for photovoltaic WEEE

Companies can collaborate with authorized operators for large-scale pickups, with continuous flows.

Required forms, traceability, and documentation

Every movement must be documented: the WEEE form, CER codes, and mandatory traceability.

Operational step-by-step checklist for proper management

1. Identify modules to be disposed of

2. Evaluate authorized center

3. Organize pickup or delivery

4. Fill out the WEEE documents

5. Verify final confirmation of recycling

Common mistakes to avoid in disposal

Handing over to unauthorized operators

Turning to uncertified entities can result in fines and environmental damage.

DIY dismantling without technical skills

Handling a panel without knowledge can damage the material and reduce recovery and safety.

Failure to register in WEEE systems

Without registration, the regulations are violated, and traceability and responsibility are lost.

Legal penalties and potential environmental risks

Authorities can impose penalties if rules are not followed: better to avoid risks.

Future prospects for recycling and disposal

Regulatory evolution and extended producer responsibility

Strengthening of obligations for producers is expected, with updated take-back models.

Circular business models: leasing, take-back, and upcycling

Solutions are emerging where panels return to circulation: leasing, reuse, and complete recycling.

Forecasts on the increase in WEEE module and material flows

With systems installed between 2000 and 2010 being decommissioned, the volume of panels to manage will grow in the coming ten years.

R&D: alternative materials and second lives for solar panels

Research continues on flexible, recyclable, and renewable modules—for truly sustainable photovoltaics.

The correct disposal of photovoltaic panels is not just a regulatory issue: it is an environmental responsibility. Relying on certified centers, adhering to WEEE rules, and opting for recycling processes reduces impact, values materials, and protects the planet. Let us adopt sustainable practices together for a greener and more circular future.